Dr Miles Pattenden is Program Director of the Europaeum, Oxford and a researcher at Deakin University. He is a historian of the Catholic Church and the political history of Italy and Spain from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. He is the author of Electing the Pope in Early Modern Italy, 1450–1700 (2017) and Pius IV and the Fall of the Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome (2013). Miles is co-editor of the Journal of Religious History.